Computer Organization & Architecture

Assignment 

Q.1 what is Computer? What is Software? Explain its type. Where it is applied?
Q2. What are the Logic Gates? Explain in detail and also explain the Universal Gates with truth table.
Q3. Convert the following into Decimal, Octal and Hexadecimal.

Structured and Spoken English

Structured and Spoken English

 

Ques. 1.What is Article? Explain the role of Article in English?

 Ques. 2. What are figures of speech?

Ques. 3. What is hyperbole? Explain with a suitable example?

Introduction to IT & PC Software

Q 1. What is computer define its characteristics and different type of computer generation.

Q2. Write notes on Input and Output device?

Explain the difference between text mode and binary mode files

Streams can be classified into two types: 

1. text streams and
2. Binary streams

1.Text streams are interpreted, with a maximum length of 255 characters. With text streams, carriage return/line feed combinations are translated to the newline n character and vice versa.

2. Binary streams are uninterrupted and are treated one byte at a time with no translation of characters. a text stream would be used for reading and writing standard text files, printing output to the screen or printer, or receiving input from the keyboard. A binary text stream would typically be used for reading and writing binary files such as graphics or word processing documents, reading mouse input, or reading and writing to the modem.

Next Question

Difference between Structure and Union

Sr No.	Structure	Union
1	Structure is user defined data type Which store a record with multiple value	Union is also a user defined data type But only one member can be saved at a time
2	Separate space was allocated for each member of structure	A common space allocated for all member
3	All members can be initialized at ones.	Only one member can be initialized at a time.
4	Total memory allocated by a structure variable is equal to number of member allocated space.	Space allocated equal to higher member allocated space.
5	One can provide and used all member data simultaneously.	Only one member value can be read or write at ones.
6	Uses rate of structure is higher due to separate space allocation for each member.	Uses rate is lower than structure due common space allocation.
7	You can updated previous value of any member without losing other member data	If a member initialized and another attempt for change value of other member lead loss of previous value.

#include<stdio.h>

struct stu

{

     int roll;

     char nm[10];

     char city[10];

};

union emp

{

     int roll;

     char nm[10];

     char city[10];

};

void main()

{

     struct stu ob1;

     union emp ob2;

     clrscr();

     ob1.roll=101;

     strcpy(ob1.nm,"Girfa");

     strcpy(ob1.city,"Student Help");

     printf("\nSize of Structure %d",sizeof(ob1));

     printf("\n\tRoll=%d\n\tName=%s\n\tCity=%s",ob1.roll,ob1.nm,ob1.city);

     ob2.roll=101;

     printf("\nSize of Union\t %d",sizeof(ob2));

     printf("\nUnion Roll %d",ob2.roll);

     strcpy(ob2.nm,"Girfa");

     printf("\nValue Loss due to Union  %d",ob2.nm);

     getch();

}

Difference Between Union and Enum

Union 

Union is user defined data type which is use to store a data member from more than one data member. Followings are some key point about union

• Union is also a user defined data type But only one member can be saved at a time
• A common space allocated for all member
• Only one member can be initialized at a time.
• Space allocated equal to higher member allocated space.
• Only one member value can be read or write at ones.
• Uses rate is lower than structure due common space allocation.
• If a member initialized and another attempt for change value of other member lead loss of previous value. 

#include<stdio.h>

union emp

{

     int roll;

     char nm[10];

     char city[10];

};

void main()

{

     union emp ob2;     

     ob2.roll=101;

     printf("\nSize of Union\t %d",sizeof(ob2));

     printf("\nUnion Roll %d",ob2.roll);

     strcpy(ob2.nm,"Girfa");

     printf("\nValue Loss due to Union  %d",ob2.nm); 

}

Enum

Enumerate is user defined data type which is integer value assign to a data member as its options. Enumerate is useful to provide user friendly name for available integer options used as some setting of application. For example if an application has shown available color to its window by integer number as we have seen in dos color command.

So for change color you need to remember color code which increase complexity. By using enumeration you provide color name in user friendly mode.

i.e.  Color.Red,Color.Blue instead of integer code. System will find the correspondence integer related to given color by enumeration definition.

Greatest Number from array using Pointer

Q : Write a program using pointer to find greatest number in an array.

Solution : 

#include<stdio.h>

#define MAX 5

void main()

{

     int ar[MAX],*pt,h,i;

     for(i=0;i<MAX;i++)

     {

          printf("Enter Number>> ");

          scanf("%d",&ar[i]);

     }

Table read with Java Script

This is how I consummate reading a table in javascript. Basically I study down into the rows and then I was able to drill down into the individual cells for each row. This should give you an idea.

Roll	Name	City
101	Sona	Varanasi
102	Mona	Chandauli
103	Amit	Jaunpur

<html>

<head>

    <title>Girfa Student Help : Table read with javascript</title>

    <script>

        function GetData()

        {

Bitwise operator

Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to make a decision on behalf of some criteria. We evaluate given criteria in terms of (and,or,not). Decision making process changed with given terms. If AND  is used there then all given criteria must be true to become result true and in case of OR , condition become true if any given criteria return true. Not reverse result True to false and vice versa.

Variable to SQL Query

Sometimes there is a need to store a SQL query output to a variable in store procedure. This feature gives programming flexibility to apply more action while generating output.

For example, you can apply more group option in a simple way which was complicated in a single query or if you want to concatenate the output of some query etc.

USE [Girfa_Portal]

GO

SET ANSI_NULLS ON

Register Variable

Register Variable C Language

Register is a special type of storage medium for making variables in c language. When there is a need of access any variable very frequently like inside of loops. For increase of access time of a variable it can be take place direct on register. If a variable is on a register then its take less time compare to access a variable form memory because register is a part of CPU.

Multiple Condition with parameter in sql server

Multiple Condition with parameter in sql server

USE [Girfa_Portal]

GO

--=========== Condition with concatenate =========================

SET ANSI_NULLS ON

GO

SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON

GO

ALTER procedure [dbo].[Girfa]

(@arg varchar(500))

Auto variable

Auto variable "C" Language

Auto or local variable in c language is a type of variable which space allocate and deallocate space automatically and static in by nature. An auto variable is invisible from outside of a function or block. So an auto variable can be access within the block where it is defined. By default all variable in a block or function is auto by nature. Auto keyword is used to make auto variable which is optional.

Auto int a;

Or

Int a

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

     int a=10;

Putch

Putch "C" Function 

Print a single alphanumeric character. This function can  print only one character at a time.

Syntax :

Putch(Var_name)

Example :                  

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

CSS Animation

Father of CSS Animation

tada

Main CSS Code

@charset "UTF-8";

/*!

 * animate.css -http://daneden.me/animate

 * Version - 3.5.2

 * Licensed under the MIT license - http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT

 *

 * Copyright (c) 2017 Daniel Eden

 */

Putchar

Putchar 'C 'Output Function 

Putchar write a character to standard output (monitor). It takes argument as character and returns its integer form without sign. If a writing error occurs, EOF is returned and the error indicator (ferror) is set.

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

     char ar[]={"Girfa"};

Getchar

Getchar Function

Getchar takes input a character from standard input (stdin) and return integer value without sign.

int main(void)

{

   int c;

   /* Note that getchar reads from stdin and

getche

Getche function

Getche is same as getch function, both takes input from keyboard the difference is return type.

• Getch does not echo given character only return integer value
• Getche  echo and return integer code of given character

#include<stdio.h>

void main()

{

    char n;

Getch

Getch takes input a character from keyboard.  Getch is different from scanf because user need to press enter explicitly to complete input process but getch intensely return pressed key ASCII.

Some people used getch  to hold program output because when getch excuted it wait for a character and until user press a character next statement would not get executed.

Switch Case C Language

Switch Case

A switch case is uncomplicated solution/alternate of complicated nested if-else. It is useful when there is a need check to arise multiple possibility on single variable like print day of the week name based on the given day number. Best for long if statements that compare a variable to several "integral" values ("integral" values are simply values that can be expressed as an integer, such as the value of a char).

Above figure is showing syntax of switch case. In syntax break and default are in bracket, which means they are optional. You can use more than one case without using break. If break is omitted, then all the ca